We have learned from past incidents that a hard landing can be at the minimum uncomfortable, to creating injuries and even in some severe cases, casualties to the crew and passengers alike.

Regardless of its impact, a hard landing is a high-load event that can place significant stress on the aircraft structure. While not every hard landing results in visible damage, the event still requires proper maintenance follow-up to ensure that any potential structural impact is identified, assessed, and closed correctly.

It remains a useful reminder of why hard landings cannot be treated as a routine event. From a maintenance perspective, a hard landing may trigger a full chain of actions, from the initial report and data review, to inspection, rectification, and records closure.

1. Hard landing identified

A hard landing may first be reported by the flight crew, or identified through flight-recorded data. The recorded landing vertical load factor, commonly referred to as G-load, is then reviewed against the prescribed limits, depending on the aircraft type and operator procedure.

The assessment is usually performed against the applicable AMM criteria. Depending on the aircraft type, this may include recorded vertical load factor, roll angle, or other relevant parameters that help determine whether a hard landing inspection is required.

2. Phased inspection

Once the event is confirmed or suspected, the first step is typically a general visual inspection. This initial inspection helps identify any obvious signs of damage, deformation, leakage, or abnormal condition.

If findings are identified, further detailed inspection may be required in accordance with AMM Chapter 05. For example, Boeing aircraft may use Phase I and Phase II inspection terms. Phase IA generally refers to a visual inspection, while Phase IB may include inspections that require the removal of certain parts to allow better access to the affected areas.

This phased approach is important because structural impact may not always be immediately visible. A proper inspection process helps ensure that the aircraft is not returned to service before the condition is fully understood.

3. Damage recording, rectification, and records

Any dent, buckle, crack, or structural damage identified during inspection should be properly recorded and assessed against approved data, including the SRM and Dent & Buckle Chart where applicable.

This is also where records become critical. Considering the impact on asset value, future lease transitions, and the frequency of component sale or exchange, all related maintenance records must be complete and traceable. This includes DFPs for any maintenance action performed, as well as back-to-birth records for each LLP, where applicable.

Bottom Line: Maintaining Safety & Traceability is a Team Effort 

Whether it is a hard landing or another operational event, this is one example of how closely aviation functions are interconnected.

It highlights the importance of coordination across departments, including maintenance, planning, records, and operations, to ensure that every action is properly assessed, executed, documented, and closed.

In aviation, safety depends on the strength of the entire system. You are only as safe as your weakest link. That is why clear procedures and reliable systems are essential, but they must also be supported by capable people with the right skills and judgment..